TRANSMISSION MEDIUM USED

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM USED

1.   FIBER OPTICS                     

Optical fiber is the medium in which communication signals are transmitted from one location to another in the form of light guided through thin fibers of glass or plastic. These signals are digital pulses or continuously modulated analog streams of light representing information. These can be voice information, data information, computer information, video information, or any other type of information.

These same types of information can be sent on metallic wires such as twisted pair and coax and through the air on microwave frequencies. The reason to use optical fiber is because it offers advantages not available in any metallic conductor or microwaves.

The main advantage of optical fiber is that it can transport more information longer distances in less time than any other communications medium. In addition, it is unaffected by the interference of electromagnetic radiation, making it possible to transmit information and data with less noise and less error. There are also many other applications for optical fiber that are simply not possible with metallic conductors. These include sensors/scientific applications, medical/surgical applications, industrial applications, subject illumination, and image transport.

Most optical fibers are made of glass, although some are made of plastic. For mechanical protection, optical fiber is housed inside cables. There are many types and configurations of cables, each for a specific application: indoor, outdoor, in the ground, underwater, deep ocean, overhead, and others.

An optical fiber data link is made up of three elements (Figure 2-1):

1.    A light source at one end (laser or light-emitting diode [LED]), including a connector or other alignment mechanism to connect to the fiber. The light source will receive its signal from the support electronics to convert the electrical information to optical information.

2.    The fiber (and its cable, connectors, or splices) from point to point. The fiber transports this light to its destination.

3.    The light detector on the other end with a connector interface to the fiber. The detector converts the incoming light back to an electrical signal, producing a copy of the original electrical input. The support electronics will process that signal to perform its intended communications function.

OPTICAL FIBER

Optical fiber (Figure 2-3) is comprised of a light-carrying core surrounded by a cladding that traps the light in the core by the principle of total internal reflection. By making the core of the fiber of a material with a higher refractive index, we can cause the light in the core to be totally reflected at the boundary of the cladding for all light that strikes at greater than a critical angle. The critical angle is determined by the difference in the composition of the materials used in the core and cladding. Most optical fibers are made of glass, although some are made of plastic. The core and cladding are usually fused silica glass covered by a plastic coating, called the buffer, that protects the glass fiber from physical damage and moisture. Some all-plastic fibers are used for specific applications. Glass optical fibers are the most common type used in communication applications. Glass optical fibers can be singlemode or multimode. Most of today’s telecom and community antenna television (CATV) systems use singlemode fibers, whereas local area networks (LANs) use multimode graded-index fibers.

Singlemode fibers are smaller in core diameter than multimode fibers and offer much greater bandwidth, but the larger core size of multimode fiber makes coupling to low cost sources such as LEDs much easier. Multimode fibers may be of the step-index or graded-index design. Plastic optical fibers are large core step-index multimode fibers, although graded-index plastic fiber is under development. Because plastic fibers have a large diameter and can be cut with simple tools, they are easy to work with and can use low-cost connectors. Plastic fiber is not used for long distance because it has high attenuation and lower bandwidth than glass fibers. However, plastic optical fiber may be useful in the short runs from the street to the home or office and within the home or office.

There are two basic types of optical fiber—multimode and singlemode (Figure 2-4). Multimode fiber means that light can travel many different paths (called modes) through the core of the fiber, entering and leaving the fiber at various angles. The highest angle that light is accepted into the core of the fiber defines

the numerical aperture (NA). Two types of multimode fiber exist, distinguished by the index profile of their cores and how light travels in them (Table 2-1). Step-index multimode fiber has a core composed completely of one type of glass. Light travels in straight lines in the fiber, reflecting off the core/cladding interface. The NA is determined by the difference in the indices of refraction of the core and cladding and can be calculated by Snell’s law. Since each mode or angle of light travels a different path, a pulse of light is dispersed while traveling through the fiber, limiting the bandwidth of step-index fiber. In graded-index multimode fiber, the core is composed of many different layers of glass, chosen with indices of refraction to produce an index profile approximating a parabola, where from the center of the core the index of refraction gets lower toward the cladding. Since light travels faster in the lower index of refraction glass, the light will travel faster as it approaches the outside of the core. Likewise, the light traveling closest to the core center will travel the slowest. A properly constructed index profile will compensate for the different path lengths of each mode, increasing the bandwidth capacity of the fiber by as much as 100 times over that of step-index fiber.

Singlemode fiber just shrinks the core size to a dimension about six times the wavelength of light traveling in the fiber and it has a smaller difference in the refractive index of the core and cladding, causing all the light to travel in only one mode. Thus modal dispersion disappears and the bandwidth of the fiber increases tremendously over graded-index fiber.

Advantages of Fiber Optics

·      Wider bandwidth and greater information capacity

        Optical fibers have greater information capacity than metallic cables because of the inherently wider bandwidths available with optical frequencies (up to several thousand gigahertz).

·      Immunity to crosstalk

        Optical fiber cables are immune to crosstalk because glass and plastic fibers are nonconductors of electrical current. Therefore, fiber cables are surrounded by a changing magnetic field, which is the primary cause of crosstalk between metallic conductors located physically close to other.

·      Immunity to static interference

             Because optical fiber cables are nonconductors of electrical current, they are immune to static noise due to electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by lightning, electric motors, relays, fluorescent lights and other electrical noise sources (most of which are man –made). For the same reason, fiber cables do not radiate electromagnetic energy.

·      Environmental immunity

      Optical fiber cables are more resistant to environmental extremes (including weather variations) than metallic cables. Optical cables also operate over a wider temperature range and are less affected by corrosive liquids and gases.

·      Safety and convenience

      Optical fiber cables are safer and easier to install and maintain than metallic cables. Because glass and plastic fibers are nonconductors, there are no electrical currents or voltages associated with them. Optical fibers can be used around volatile liquids and gases without worrying about their causing explosions or fires. Optical fibers are also smaller and much more lightweight and compact than metallic cables. Consequently, they are more flexible, easier to work with, require less storage space, cheaper to transport, and easier to install and maintain.

·    Lower transmission loss

            Optical fibers have considerably less signal loss than their metallic counterparts. Optical fibers are currently being manufactured with as little as few-tenths-of-a-decibel loss per kilometer. Consequently, optical regenerators and amplifiers can be spaced considerably father than with metallic transmission lines.

·    Security

     Optical fiber cables are more secure than metallic cables. It is virtually impossible to tap into a fiber cable without the user’s knowledge, and optical cables cannot be detected with metal detectors unless they are reinforced with steel for strength.

·    Durability and reliability

      Optical fiber cables last longer and are more reliable than metallic facilities because fiber cables have a higher tolerance to changes in environment conditions and are immune to corrosive materials.

·    Economics

      The cost of optical fiber cables is approximately the same as metallic cables. Fiber cables have less loss and require fewer repeaters, which equates to lower installation and overall system costs and improved reliability.

Transmission System

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

I.TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

          A telephone transmission system is a pair of wires connecting two telephone or data modems together. A more practical transmission system is comprised of a complex aggregate of electronics equipment and associated transmission medium, which together provide a multiplicity of channels over which many subscriber’s messages and control signals are propagated

           

            In general, a telephone call between two points is handled by interconnecting a number of different transmission systems in tandem to form an overall transmission path between the two points. The manner in which transmission system are chosen and interconnected has a strong bearing on the characteristics required of each system because each element in the connection degrades the message to some extent. Consequently, the relationship between the performance and the cost of the transmission system cannot be considered only in that system. Instead, a transmission system must be viewed with respect to its relationship to the complete system.

            To provide a service that permits people or data modems to talk to each other at a distance, the communications system must supply the means and facilities for connecting the subscribers at the beginning of a call and disconnecting them at the completion of the call. Therefore, switching, signaling, and transmission functions must be involved in the service. The switching function identifies and connects the subscribers to a suitable transmission path. Signaling function supply and interpret control and supervisory signals needed to perform the operation. Finally, transmission functions involved the actual transmission of a subscriber’s message and any necessary control signals.

The Sixdefenders come together to share their inputs about Transmission Lines.

Our floor plan is to be done by our leader Jeffrey Maniquiz.

Ryan Riwarin 

Ericson Manahan

Ryan Riwarin 

Darcied de Guzman & Ryan Riwarin

Jeffrey Maniquiz

Roland Juatchon & Darcieh de Guzman

Edwin Ibarra

Darcieh de Guzman & Roland Juatchon

Edwin Ibarra & Darcieh de Guzman

Darcieh de Guzman

 

Our Central Office Temporary Floor Plan

The History of Paniqui

The birth of Paniqui traces back to1712 when the provincial government of Pangasinan sent a group of men south of Bayambang, Pangasinan for the expansion of the Christian Faith. The pioneering group was led by two brothers, Raymundo and Manuel Paragas of Dagupan and established the Local Government in a sitio called “manggang marikit” (mango of an unmarried woman) now a part of Guimba, Nueva Ecija. Surprisingly in this sitio, they saw an extraordinary number of flying mammals called "pampaniki" by Ilocanos.  This is where the name Paniqui was derived from.

Paniqui was a sprawling town that covered a wide area at that time. Some of the barrios that formerly comprised Paniqui were “San Roque” now Cuyapo; “Barog” now Gerona; “San Jose De Camiling” now Camiling; “Bani” now Ramos; “San Ramon” now Moncada; and Anao. An uprising led by Caragay during the early part of 1720 forced the Local Government in “manggang marikit” to abandon the place and evacuate for lower lands called Acocolao, a place two kilometers west of the present Poblacion. This is the historical sitio where the first Moro in the Philippines, Sultan Ali Mudin embraced Christianity and got baptized in 1750.

The period between 1750 and 1896 were painful years of Spanish tyranny and oppression. Bandits and insurrectos conveniently sprouted among the people executing sporadic attacks upon the Conquistadores. These attacks on the Spaniards, who came on the islands bringing the Sword and Cross were marred by cholera and small pox epidemics also punctuated by floods and typhoons.

A group of Paniqui patriots banded together by a common consciousness of oneness, unselfish devotion for freedom and spurred by Spanish ruthless tyranny, organized a legitimate segment of the Katipunan on January 12, 1896. They were a far cry from the bandits that used to harass the Spaniards.

These dauntless men made daring exploits unrecorded in the history of the Katipunan. The most prominent of which was the ambuscade of Spanish soldiers along the road going to Anao that killed a great number of men. These incidents were a prelude to the end of the Spanish occupation Paniqui.

Accordingly, as in all parts of the islands, the Philippines independence was declared but short-lived as the Philippine-American War of 1899 was waged. The outstanding contribution of Paniqui in the war efforts against the Americans was sending thirty members of the Militia National under Capt. Felizardo de Vera of Bulacan to stem the unabated march of the superior American forces in hot pursuit of General Emilio Aguinaldo. Events moved fast and in no time Americans over ran the town Paniqui in the middle of November 1899.  The advent of American occupation brought in a transition from the aristocratic and enigmatic characteristic of Spanish conquistadores to the democratic way of life under American tutelage. Paniqui like the rest of the country became a segment of the citadel of democracy in the Far East.  Paniqui, as a child, tempered and molded on the anvil of democracy, found full expression during the dark days of Japanese occupation.  Its people formed the nucleus of a powerful guerilla organization under the command of Col. Jose C. Maristela. People weak in strength and character would cast its lot with the Japanese and have prostituted itself to blind servitude and meek obedience of its masters for the price of existence. However, the indomitable people of Paniqui, burning with the fire of freedom and democracy in their hearts, did not fall prey to this. In Paniqui, the Japanese faced an enemy that is mighty in its fury and relentless in vengeance. The members of the Guerilla force under Col. Maristela dedicated their unflinching loyalty to the cherished ideals of our motherland, the Philippines. They established a militia under the very nose of the Japanese. The Guerilla outfit also preserved the landmarks of Paniqui such as the sugar central, municipal building, public schools and practically all the unpretentious private homes. One of the bloodiest chapters of this guerilla outfit was recorded on May 8, 1945. During that day, the Guerilla forces annihilated two platoons of Japanese Soldiers at Sta. Ines in the process killed 52 sons of Nippon.

Today, the people of Paniqui, are still bonded by the same persuasion that held them together during the most trying moments in history. They are working hand in hand to make their native town progressive, respected and united.

The Plan for Tomorrow

Tomorrow we decided that we're not going to Paniqui, Tarlac City because we're planning to finish all the important files, letters, survey questions and ideas. We scheduled that next Thursday all members of sixdenfenders will be going to Paniqui, Tarlac City and we guarantee that on the said day all are settled.

The History of Sta. Ignacia Profile

Today we have type the profile of Sta. Ignacia, it was so hot at I.E.C.E.P Office but we have manage to finish it here are the profile that we have type....
Santa Ignacia, Tarlac City
    Before the settlers from the Ilocos province, led by a man whose family was “Madriaga” set feed on the soil of Sta. Ignacia, the locality was a mere prairie. Together with his companions they settled in a place named “Binaga” which now called Nabagbagan-Nambalan. The place was so called “Binaca” in view of the fact that thousands of cattle were herded in that locality. As time went on, more immigrants from Cabugao, Sarrat, Tagudin, Bacarra, Badoc, Candon, and Paoay, all towns in the Ilocos regions arrived with all their personal belongings placed in their covered carts.
    According to Treasurer Jose Pedroche, a local historian, those early pioneers employed the kaingin systems in clearing the lands, which was densely covered with cogon and talahib. Cattle raising and little agriculture were the early industries of the place. Later, the land area cultivated gradually increased simultaneously with the increased population. With the locality progressing Binaca in 1845 became a barrio of Camiling with Don Manuel Natividad, its first Teniente Basal. In 1875, the barrio became a town with Don Felipe Cabugasa, its Gobernadorcillo. It was in the same year when Binaca was changed to Sta. Ignacia in honor of her patron saint.
    During the period of development, Binaca has been the target of a series of attack. In 1851, a great number of ruffians visited the place and carry away work animals and personal belongings. To harass the residents, they even went to the extent of harming whoever resisted. The inhabitants were nevertheless discouraged and instead worked harder to make up for their losses. In 1888, robbers forced their way in town and looted private properties including the “Timbre del Tribunal” (official seal) which was, however, recovered during the administration of Capitan Municipal, Don Vicente Laoang, somewhere around the year 1894.
    One of the most significant events that occurred at a later period, which should never be forgotten in the town’s history, was when General Pedro Pedroche and his men attack the town at the height of the town fiesta. In the encounter, the chief of police, a brother-in-law of General Pedroche and three policemen and a number of civilians were killed from bullet wounds. The tragic event arose when the chief of police refused the offer of Gen. Pedroche that he is his adviser.
    In 1896, Don Eulogio Madriaga, and then Capitan Municipal received an order from the parish priest of Camiling to move the town nearer the mother town of Camiling for security reasons. Don Eulogio Madriaga as subordinate official has no other alternative but to obey orders, hence the transfer of the town from Nambalan to its present site. Around the year 1899, during the administration of Don Manuel Briones, Presidente Municipal, the local revolutionary government was inaugurated in Sta. Ignacia but no sooner that that erstwhile Philippine Republic fell in favor of the Americans and new administration under the United States began.
    One of the first steps undertaken by the governing powers was the re-organization of the municipalities in the province. On recommendation of the Philippine Commision of 1902 it was held that smaller towns, which cannot stand by themselves, were to be reverted into barrios, the same to be attached to towns close to them. Thus, Sta. Ignacia along with Pura, San Clemente, Mayantoc, Mariones O’donnel and Murcia ceased to exist as towns. For almost ten years, since 1903, Sta. Ignacia remained a barrio of Camiling. The people of Sta. Ignacia were not at ease and they were restless. At least they agitated with aims to regain what lost in them. Under the initiative of Don Silvestre Lacuin, popularly known as Don Beting together with his co-workers in the persons of Don Eulogio Madriaga, Don Alipio Pascasio, Don Santiago Aviguetero, Don Florencio Antonio and the incumbent Teniente Basal, Don Simeon Hilario and backed up by the sympathy of the people for their movements they had sought all legal means to regain the status lost of their beloved town. In due course, they had met so many drawbacks but were never discouraged in their fight for the common cause despite stiff opposition of the Camiling Municipal Council as influenced by the Camiling’s great like Don Gregorio Romulo, Gregorio Clemente and Don Benson. Due to insistent demand, the people of Sta. Ignacia at last sought the intervention of Honorable Provincial Board of Tarlac and which by sheer good luck; the petition thus presented was finally considered favorable.

The History of Camiling

II. Historical Background

Camiling, Tarlac City

            On the western reach of the Tarlac lies the historic town of Camiling. Early on the 18^th century, the trying community was a sitio of Paniqui, contrary to the popular belief that was apart of Bayambang, Pangasinan. The discovery of a Spanish document in 1947 attested to the fact that it really belonged to Paniqui, further evidence shows that in the same documents, it stated that the inhabitants of Camiling said their tributes to Paniqui. In the beginning, the community was a vast area of cogon growth of interspersed areas stretching as afar as the Zambales Mountain Ranges. A wide river cut peacefully through it. The early inhabitants were similar to the occupied the swampy land known as Cacamilingan on the opposite side of the river. With the passage of time, these settlers moved on the opposite shore for the reason that the most often, disastrous floods visited the present site. In this new location, the most often, disastrous floods visited the present site. In this new location, the Residents therein built a little church liking St. Michael as their Patron Saint. In 1,838, Camiling become an independent town of Paniqui.

	Barangay	Area SQ. KMS.	Population	Household
1	Anoling 1st	1.68	713	155
2	Anoling 2nd	0.88	822	236
3	Anoling 3rd	6.05	1,301	307
4	Bacabac	4.64	2,459	547
5	Bacsay	7.91	751	182
6	Bancay 1st	3.65	824	200
7	San Isidro	2.33	1,386	294
8	Birbira	5.64	1,316	375
9	Bilad	4.67	2,884	755
10	Bobon 1st	3.80	2,163	553
11	Bobon 2nd	3.67	1,178	283
12	Bobon Caarosipan	0.57	693	150
13	Cabanabaan	0.87	910	215
14	Cacamiling Norte	4.16	2,414	561
15	Cacamiling Sur	1.28	2,465	487
16	Caniag	1.80	762	176
17	Carael	1.15	877	188
18	Cayaoan	0.96	2,152	484
19	Cayasan	3.17	224	56
20	Florida	1.45	1,362	227
21	Lasong	3.73	1,026	233
22	Libueg	3.37	3,579	574
23	Malacampa	7.17	5,048	1,252
24	Manakem	0.93	570	128
25	Manupeg	2.71	328	70
26	Marawi	2.88	1,634	377
27	Matubog	5.59	1,571	365
28	Nagrambacan	0.47	339	72
29	Nagserialan	1.86	1,622	362
30	Papaac	2.63	971	278
31	Pao 1st	1.13	1,032	221
32	Pao 2nd	0.61	406	99
33	Pao 3rd	2.08	789	192
34	Palimbo Caarosipan	1.69	3,046	705
35	Palimbo Proper	2.30	1,025	232
36	Pindangan 1st	1.18	841	197
37	Pindangan 2nd	1.28	1,757	415
38	Poblacion A	0.08	2,058	350
39	Poblacion B	0.12	1,931	389
40	Poblacion C	0.14	1,078	225
41	Poblacion D	0.07	1,270	269
42	Poblacion E	0.05	1,137	280
43	Poblacion F	0.05	1,196	237
44	Poblacion G	0.08	2,253	301
45	Poblacion H	0.05	1,217	263
46	Poblacion I	0.04	1,028	246
47	Poblacion J	0.05	894	223
48	Sawat	0.99	1,135	368
49	Sinilian 1st	1.72	1,436	390
50	Sinilian 2nd	6.83	1,615	300
51	Sinilian 3rd	6.36	1,562	346
52	Sinilian Cacalibosoan	0.98	1,095	256
53	Sta. Maria	5.01	2,800	565
54	Sinulatan 1st	6.35	1,630	309
55	Sinulatan 2nd	1.63	786	153
56	Surgui 1st	1.24	1,213	263
57	Surgui 2nd	2.93	1,580	305
58	Surgui 3rd	1.65	1,392	323
59	Tambugan	0.48	1,263	334
60	Telbang	1.05	780	177
61	Tuec	0.61	1,258	257
	TOTAL	140.50	86,867	19,312